21. Health and Diseases

I. Choose the Correct Answer.

1. Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate the secretion of adrenaline. The component causing this could be _______.

(a) Nicotine
(b) Tannic acid
(c) Curcumin
(d) Leptin.

2. World ‘No Tobacco Day’ is observed on:

(a) May 31
(b) June 6
(c) April 22
(d) October 2

3. Cancer cells are more easily damaged by radiations than normal cells because they are _______.

(a) Different in structure
(b) Non-dividing
(c) Mutated Cells
(d) Undergoing rapid division.

4. Which type of cancer affects lymph nodes and spleen?

(a) Carcinoma
(b) Sarcoma
(c) Leukemia
(d) Lymphoma

5. Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to _______.

(a) Loss of memory
(b) Cirrhosis of liver
(c) State of hallucination
(d) Suppression of brain function.

6. Coronary heart disease is due to:

(a) Streptococci bacteria
(b) Inflammation of pericardium
(c) Weakening of heart valves
(d) Insufficient blood supply to heart muscles

7. Cancer of the epithelial cells is called _______.

(a) Leukaemia
(b) Sarcoma
(c) Carcinoma
(d) Lipoma.

8. Metastasis is associated with:

(a) Malignant tumour
(b) Benign tumour
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Crown gall tumour

9. Polyphagia is a condition seen in _______.

(a) Obesity
(b) Diabetes mellitus
(c) Diabetes insipidus
(d) AIDS.

10. Where does alcohol effect immediately after drinking?

(a) Eyes
(b) Auditory region
(c) Liver
(d) Central Nervous System

II. State whether True or False. If false, write the correct statement:

1. AIDS is an epidemic disease.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: AIDS is a viral disease.

2. Cancer-causing genes are called Oncogenes.
Answer:           True.

3. Obesity is characterized by tumour formation.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: Obesity is characterized by an accumulation of excess body fat with an abnormal increase in body weight.

4. In leukaemia, both WBCs and RBCs increase in number.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: Leukemia is characterized by an increase in the formation of white blood cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes.

5. Study of the cause of the disease is called aetiology.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: Study of a cause of the disease is called Pathology.

6. AIDS is not transmitted by contact with a patient’s clothes.
  Answer:         True.

7. Type 2 diabetes mellitus results due to insulin deficiency.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: In type 2 diabetes mellitus, Insulin production by the Pancreas is normal, but the target cells do not respond to insulin.

8. Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents.
Answer:           True.

9. Nicotine is a narcotic drug.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: Nicotine is a stimulant, highly harmful and poisonous substance, in Tobacco.

10. Cirrhosis is associated with the brain disorder.
Answer:           False.
Correct Statement: Liver damage resulting in Fatty liver which leads to Cirrhosis and formation of fibrous tissues.

III. Expand the following abbreviations:

1.      IDDM - Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

2.      HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Vims

3.      BMI - Body Mass Index

4.      AIDS - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

5.      CHD - Coronary Heart Disease

6.      NIDDM. - Non – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

IV. Match the following:

1. Sarcoma

(e) Connective tissue cancer

2. Carcinoma

(a) Stomach cancer

3. Polydipsia

(b) Excessive thirst

4. Polyphagia

(c) Excessive hunger

5. Myocardial Infarction

(d) Lack of blood flow to the heart muscle

V. Fill in the blanks:

1. Cirrhosis is caused in the liver due to excessive use of Alcohol.

2. A highly poisonous chemical derived from tobacco is Nicotine.

3. Blood cancer is called Leukaemia.

4. Less response of a drug to a specific dose with repeated use is called Tolerance.

5. Insulin resistance is a condition in Type – 2 diabetes mellitus.

VI. Analogy Type Questions.

Identify the first words and their relationship and suggest a suitable word for the fourth blank:

1. Communicable : AIDS :: Non – communicable : Obesity.

2. Chemotherapy : Chemicals :: Radiation therapy : Radiation.

3. Hypertension : Hypercholesterolemia :: Glycosuria : Polyphagia.

VII. Answer in a Sentence.

1. What are psychotropic drugs?

The drugs which act on the brain and alter the behaviour, consciousness, power of thinking and perception, are called Psychotropic drags. They are also called Mood altering drugs.

2. Mention the diseases caused by tobacco smoke.

Bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, emphysema hypoxia, lung cancer, hypertension gastric and duodenal ulcer are diseases caused be tobacco smoke.

3. What are the contributing factors for obesity?

Obesity is due to genetic factors, physical inactivity, overeating and endocrine factors.

4. What is adult onset diabetes?

Type-2 Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is called as adult onset diabetes.

5. What is metastasis?

The Cancerous cells migrate to distant parts of the body and affect new tissues and this process is called Metastasis.

6. How does insulin deficiency occur?

Insulin deficiency occur due to the destruction of B – cells of the pancreas, characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose level resulting from inadequate insulin secretion.

VIII. Short Answer Questions

1. What are the various routes by which transmission of human immunodeficiency virus takes place?

HIV is transmitted generally by:

  1. Sexual contact with infected person
  2. Use of contaminated needles or syringes especially in case of intravenous drag abusers
  3. By transfusion of contaminated / infected blood or blood products (iv) From infected mother to her child through placenta.

2. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell?

Cancer is an abnormal and uncontrolled division of cells that invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, forming a tumour or neoplasm. It is a heterogeneous group of cells, that do not respond to the normal cell division. The cancer cells move to distant parts of bodies such as lungs, bones, liver, skin and brain.

3. Differentiate between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Type-1 Diabetes mellitus

Type-2 Diabetes mellitus

1. People with type – 1 diabetes do not produce insulin in the pancreas.

1. People with type – 2 diabetes do not respond to insulin.

2. the immune system destroys insulin – producing beta cells in the pancreas.

2. People with type – 2 diabetes are Insulin Resistant. The body produces insulin but unable to use effectively.

3. Cannot be controlled without taking insulin.

3. Possible to treat initially without medication or treating with tablets.

4. Why is a dietary restriction recommended for an obese individual?

Obesity has a positive risk factor in development of hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, coronary heart disease and arthritis. To avoid the dietary restriction is recommended for an obese individual.

5. What precautions can be taken for preventing heart diseases?

Diet Management: Reduction in the intake of calories, low saturated fat and cholesterol – rich food, low carbohydrates and common salt are some of the Dietary modifications. Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential. Increase in the intake of fibre diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamins are needed.

  • Physical activity: Regular exercise, walking and yoga are essential for bodyweight maintenance.
  • Avoid Addictive substances: Alcohol consumption, Psychotropic drugs and smoking are to be avoided.

IX. Long Answer Questions

1. Suggest measures to overcome the problems of an alcoholic.

Education and counselling: Education and proper counselling will help the alcoholics to overcome their problems and stress, to accept failures in their life.
Physical activity : Individuals undergoing rehabilitation should be channelized into healthy activities like reading, music, sports, yoga and meditation.

Seeking help from parents and peer groups : When a problematic situation occurs, the affected individuals should seek help and guidance from parents and peers. This would help them to share their feeling of anxiety, wrong dping and get rid of the habit.

Medical assistance : Individual should seek help from psychologists and psychiatrists to get relieved from this condition and to lead a relaxed and peaceful life.

Alcohol de-addiction and rehabilitation programmes are helpful to the individual so that they could get rid of the problem completely and can lead a normal and healthy life.

2. Changes in lifestyle is a risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Can it be modified? If yes, suggest measures for prevention.

The lifestyle can be modified to prevent cardiovascular diseases. These are the measures for prevention:

  • Do not smoke or use Tobacco.
  • Do Exercise for about 30 minutes.
  • Eat a heart-healthy diet.
  • Reduce the intake of calories, low saturated fat and cholesterol, low carbohydrates and common salt are some of the dietary modifications.
  • Diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is essential.
  • Increase in the intake of fibre diet, fruits and vegetables, protein, minerals and vitamins are essential.
  • Maintain a healthy weight.
  • Get enough quality sleep.
  • Manage stress.
  • Get regular health screens.
  • Control Blood pressure.
  • Keep the cholesterol and triglyceride levels under control.

X. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

1. What is the role of fat in the cause of atherosclerosis?

The deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessels gradually develops from which form a fatty streak called plaque. This blocks the pathway of blood flow by narrowing the blood vessels leading to atherosclerosis.

2. Eating junk food and consuming soft drinks results in health problems like obesity, still, children prefer. What are the suggestions you would give to avoid children eating junk food / consumption of soft drinks?

Suggestions, to avoid children, eating Junk food / consumption of soft drinks.

  • Carry a water bottle and drink water.
  • Instead of soft drinks, drink fruit juices, sports drinks or energy drinks.
  • Base meals around protein, legumes, chickpeas, kidney beans and nuts, etc.
  • Avoid getting extremely hungry.
  • Fight stress.
  • Practice mindful eating.
  • Have a piece of fruit, yoghurt, or some crackers.

3. Regular physical exercise is advisable for normal functioning of the human body. What are the advantages of practising exercise in daily life?

1.      Physical exercises help us to live longer and prevent many chronic diseases.

2.      It improves cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness.

3.      It reduces stress, anxiety and depression and improves our mood.

4.      Improves sleep quality and overall quality of life.

4. A leading weekly magazine has recently published a survey analysis which says that a number of AIDS patient in the country is increasing day by day. The report says that the awareness among the people about AIDS is still very poor. You are discussing the magazine report in your class and a team of your class decides to help people to fight against the dreadful disease.
(a) What problem do you face when trying to educate the people in your village near your school?
(b) How do you overcome the problem?
Answer:
(a) The main problem, we face, is as follows:

  • AIDS patients find it difficult to accept the news.
  • Many people are afraid of telling others because they feel ashamed or they are worried about being rejected.
  • AIDS patients are really discouraged with anxiety about their future.

(b)

  • Confirm the disease by Western Blot Analysis or ELISA.
  • Antiretroviral drugs and immunostimulating therapy can prolong the life of the infected person.
  • Do not tell anyone about our friend’s HIV.
  • Be there to talk to them.
  • Do things together that can reduce stress. Go for a walk. Do something that we enjoy with our AIDS patient friend.
  • Advice the patient friend to avoid activities that have bad health effects like smoking.
  • Patients with HIV / AIDS should not be isolated from the family and society.

XI. Value-Based Questions

1. Once a person starts taking drugs or alcohol it is difficult to get rid of the habit. Why?

The addictive potential of the drugs pulls the individual into a viscous cycle leading to regular abuse and depending. Moreover, some drugs act in the brain and alter the behaviour, consciousness, power of thinking and perception.

2. Men addicted to tobacco lead to oxygen deficiency in their body. What could be the possible reason?

Carbon monoxide of tobacco smoke binds to the haemoglobin of RBC and decreases its oxygen-carrying capacity causing hypoxia in body tissues.

3. Name any three foods that are to be avoided and included in the diet of a diabetic patient. Why should it be followed?

Refined sugar, carbohydrates rich food and high fat content rich foods should be avoided.
Low carbohydrate and fibre rich diet. Diet comprising whole grains, millet, green leafy vegetables should be included in the diet.

4. How can informational efforts change people’s HIV knowledge and behaviour?

Find the latest information about viral suppression and Viral Load Monitoring.

  • Find the latest prevention and how to talk with patients with HIV about, what it means for them.
  • Learn how HIV care providers, can identify and address mental health and substance use disorders to help patients, adhere to HIV treatment and remain in care.

XII. Assertion and Reasoning Questions

In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement of Reason is given just below it. Of statements given below mark the correct answer as
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion Mid Reason is true that Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) The assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

1. Assertion: All drugs act on the brain.
Reason: Drugs disturb the functioning of the body and mind.
Answer:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

2. Assertion: Excretion of excess glucose in the urine is observed in a person with diabetes mellitus.
Reason: Pancreas is unable to produce sufficient quantity of insulin.
Answer:
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true that Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.